Friday, June 18, 2021

Rare dominant genetic cancer can't be cured or prevented because it's more than a disease, a phenomenon, the result of a basic evolutionary compromise

Listen to vHL.mp3 by Payel Bhattacharya on #SoundCloud https://soundcloud.app.goo.gl/TBNSr 




Once upon a time the unusual birth of the eye-catching child of fond parents after a miscarriage and embryo getting problems while in the womb, were lost in the thought that behind the outer shell there might lurk some sickness never known to humanity and the ill-fated, ill-starred child would have to endure the worst in all walks of life and face countless challenges my parents never thought of that.


I became their apple of the eye. It is my Mum who is the sun and like earth, I have always felt that strange adhesive power, that power of attraction holding us together since I was born. She was my only playmate.


I was a precocious little girl. I started walking and speaking fluently at the age of nine months. The grim humor was a disease that was lurking inside with considerable firmness to follow me through each doom and see my reaction, that I turn a victim or a warrior.


When my brother was born I was twirling in merriment in front of the mirror and fell. My left foot swelled up like freshly baked bread and a bluish knot appeared.


But my heart was like a sponge, sucking up feelings and emotions, even pain. I was born with the soul of a mermaid who could only suffer pain. Since mermaids have no tears I suffered more acutely.


My left foot hurt like I was treading upon points of needles or sharp knives. At that age, I didn't understand or know about my pain. When asked " How do you feel about it? Any pain?" by my parents. My behavioral flexibility took charge suppressing the pain and attained optimal adaptation as with a beaming smile

 "Good, perfect!" 

was my reaction. You may wish to know the reason behind it. I am not going to say that's the way I am because my pain never went away and my words were never true.


I suffered badly due to the ignorance of the teachers at school. I still tremble to think about it.


It started when I was just 3 years of age. My father took me to several eminent physicians, allopathic, homeopathic, and ayurvedic but the situation became worse and ultimately I got at the age of 12 my first surgery. 


As I grew up in my aloneness books became my only companion. I spent a good deal of time in bookshops turning over the pages of books. I used to think if only my life were a thousand years long I could read all these books. 

The major ailment, the king of all diseases entered and my reading habit interpreted it differently.



I started getting strange feelings or thoughts, like tingling or deja vu, while returning from school crossing the traffic lights I spotted a white ambassador car that looked familiar and drew me towards it. More commonly, I had an auditory hallucination and I imagined a specter going along with me. It still persists. I stood on the roof and saw bubbles of lights floating past. Then I laughed or cried for no reason. I dreamt of aliens contacting me. 



Dismissing the symptoms as untrue or psychological. It was insulting and demeaning to have a physician invalidate what I was experiencing and I had to go for a psychologist's treatment and put under dissociative drugs.




Under psychological treatment, I became repellently fat like Mr. Pyecraft with a serious obesity problem.



After my subtotal thyroidectomy, I developed HypoPara and got attacks of tetany or hypocalcemia.



Next, my mother noticed continual jerkings or spasms of the left side, usually a leg, and called my father, and both tried the application of pressure on the limb to calm it down but it started again. Then it was found that because of my migraines an MRI was done where a tiny spot was found which has grown over 5 times in a few years.


When Philip K Dick entered my life, his words "Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesn’t go away” touched my brain in the wrong way. I had odd sensations, fidgety and nervous but didn't understand my feelings. I had odd nightmares but told my mother that aliens are trying to get in touch with me so just keep everything hush! I could hear things which others couldn't and see stuff which nobody did! I asked my mother to be sure of that and was convinced either I could see ghosts and hear them or aliens are trying to get in touch with me. I was happy with the thought. This hushing up delayed my diagnosis.


Supratentorial hemangioblastoma is a rare and benign neoplasm. Very scarce literature is available regarding supratentorial HB. Supratentorial HB, which is quite rare, was first described in 1902.


I recall I came to, regained consciousness in the OT during my brain surgery in 2006 and saw blood streaming out from under the head and the anaesthesiologist yelling "She needs more blood her hemoglobin is dropping." The doctor didn't take enough care and put me on the verge of uncertainty.


While I was pushed out of the OT in a trolley I was telling Mum there's no sense in the left side. My leg and hand were numb. I couldn't even make a fist. 


My recovery is always fast and with physiotherapy, I could squeeze a softball and slowly climb the stairs. 


Currently, I am suffering the consequences of Leptomeningeal dissemination of hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system (CNS) which is extremely rare. Between 1902 and 2013, approximately 132 cases were reported. 


Without previous surgery such cases haven't been reported, it is due to spillage and spread of tumor cells through the cerebrospinal fluid used for cushioning purposes in patients with a genetic predisposition to the condition. I made up my mind to keep myself well-informed so that I don't get into such situations.



It was a complete bolt from the blue. Within four months of my brain surgery and three months of my father’s massive cardiac arrest, a doctor suddenly declared that my liver had tumors in perilous positions, compressing and displacing the vital veins and I have only six weeks to live! I need an urgent liver transplant.


My parents sold every piece of jewelry along with all belongings and every investment after retirement was broken but we didn't have enough money for the transplant. 


I had a liver transplant owing to several tumors in the liver which could not be taken out individually causing excruciating pain due to frequent hemorrhages in 2008. The lesions caused splaying compression and displacement of the major veins.


There wasn't any awareness of rare diseases back then, and therefore I had to suffer from the pain. During the second time, I had a hemorrhage decision were taken to prepone the delayed transplant 


The transplanted liver needs the immune system to be suppressed so that it isn’t rejected like any pathogen. Immunosuppressants are expensive life-saving medicines. I am on immunosuppressive medicines for life.


Immunosuppressive treatment begins during the surgery and continues throughout the patient's life. Regular blood tests and other maintenance strategies by which medicines at specific doses are adjusted periodically by constant monitoring to prolong the transplant recipient's life.

The medication has the potential to interfere with the processes in the body that prevent infection and this interference is what allows the medication to work.  


This almost implies that if you are taking some of these medications you will fall ill every time you pass by someone with the sniffles along, with the big stuff like flu, or tuberculosis, or end up with Covid like I am currently fighting or trying to fight the virus.



I was diagnosed with tuberculosis after my father's demise which was later found to be Multi-drug-resistant Tuberculosis and Dr. Randeep Guleria treated me for it after 2 years of disappointing treatment at Medanta.


My father foregoing his bypass surgery and with 80% of his heart blocked, he ran from pillar to post to arrange my liver transplant at Sir Gangaram Hospital.



Our mission liver transplant was ultimately a success.


My father was at a loss as to how to manage. The very thought of how he will arrange my immunosuppressive (anti-rejection medicines) and other medicines and the plethora of illness that an organ transplant and VHL affliction brings... brought my father out in a cold sweat and he passed away leaving us homeless and penniless. And our toughest days began when we had no idea how to arrange for food for the next day.


Mum never gave up on her child even when I went through surgeries upon surgeries, she arranged everything herself, ran to an apothecary or an NGO to get help. She sustained me and is my caregiver.


I have a rare disease called VHL or Von-Hippel Lindau--this is a cancer-suppressing gene and those people who have VHL disease have a mutation, turning you into a tumor-producing factory.


In my case, blood-filled tumors form in up to 10 organs of the body.


The only treatment is the removal of tumors, irradiation, and monitoring 


 The mutation of the gene is confirmed in AIIMS research.



There are myriad challenges of having a malady. I have the most unusual disease known to humankind. It becomes a fateful condition where you can't afford to be ignorant and continue being tired if you desire quality and extension of your life.

There is an intense, somber, indefatigable strife where you don't have to worry only about healing because recovery is a tough process that takes time and patience leaving scars behind but you have to bother about financial demands to get a proper diagnosis and the desirable treatment regime.



"If growth occurred without evolution, cancer cells would not be imbued with their potent capacity to invade, survive, and metastasize. Every generation of cancer cells creates a small number of cells that is genetically different from its parents...This mirthless, relentless cycle of mutation, selection, and overgrowth generates cells that are more and more adapted to survival and growth. In some cases, the mutations speed up the acquisition of other mutations. This genetic instability, like a perfect madness, only provides more impetus to generate mutant clones. Cancer thus exploits the fundamental logic of evolution, unlike any other illness. If we, as a species, are the ultimate product of Darwinian selection, then so, too, is this incredible disease that lurks inside us.” from Emperor of Maladies by Dr. Siddharth Mukherjee


Hence the growth of new blood vessels or angiogenesis is not so much a disease as a phenomenon, the result of a basic evolutionary compromise. As a body lives and grows, its cells are constantly dividing, copying their DNA — this vast genetic library — and bequeathing it to the daughter cells. They in turn pass it to their own progeny: copies of copies of copies. Along the way, errors inevitably occur. Most are random misprints.


Over the eons, cells have developed complex mechanisms that identify and correct many of the glitches. But the process is not perfect, nor can it ever be. Mutations are the engine of evolution. Without them, we never would have evolved. The trade-off is that every so often a certain combination will give an individual cell too much power. It begins to evolve independently of the rest of the body. Like a new species thriving in an ecosystem. For that, there can be no easy fix.


Thus recovery or cure is a forlorn hope as this growth phenomenon exploits evolution, Darwinism. All we can do is increase longevity, thereby attempting to understand the phenomenology behind VHL and increase the efficacy of modern medical techniques. Increasing the outcome of the average lifetime has to be the motto.


A surgeon once told me he shall pray that nobody gets this fatal rare disease.


Currently, I have even approached the Delhi High Court asking for aid for my treatment and the case is under consideration. 


Fundraising efforts are not working as there's less awareness.



Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a neurocutaneous syndrome. A neurocutaneous syndrome causes problems that affect the brain, spine, and nerves (neuro), and the skin (cutaneous).




In Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tumors most commonly develop in the brain and retina of the eyes. These tumors, called angiomas, consist of blood vessels. Other types of tumors develop in other organs and include tumors in the adrenal glands (pheochromocytomas) and cysts in the kidneys, liver, or pancreas. As people with the disorder age, the risk of developing kidney and pancreatic cancer increases. vHL patients battle a series of tumours. vHL gene is involved in many forms of cancer. Curing vHL brings us closer to curing many forms of cancer. 


I haven't been given a choice in a life with mountains of books and chocolate bearing trees so why not face this life head on?




Live in the moment as long as you can have your chance





 The sky is filled with stars and the sun,

This earth with life vibrant.

Life is an ebb and flow of seasons

Teaching us, by most satisfying reasons, 


In the rhythm of ebb and tide of eternal time

I got my ineradicable place in the universe

Alone in endless, stillness, calmness of the universe


In consummation of right harmony

My entry was perfectly faulty

The song of life is out of key

Yet, I harken the fragments of timeless recurring melody

Light dancing melodies

Breathing through the tragic stops not being melancholy 


When someone is thrown into perilous circumstances

The one may well display surprising vitality.

Create and express individuality

Don't blend into the herd unseen

Walking down the street 

Blowing amidst creatures in between


 Those who cannot adapt die off, 

 While those who survive are of the best stock



The Earth spins and revolves around the Sun

Out of this wonder my song is born.

Show strength and affirmation


Dark firmament lit with gleaming and wandering stars

Wondrous vastness of creation

Bright and glorious is that revelation,

Sublime moment of

Exultation of existence

Feeling alive and not just existing

Living and Breathing

Even when out of breath 

Stillness that surround 

Exhausted to the core

Strange exhaustion

Emotional burden



In trouble to be troubled,

Is to have your trouble doubled


Mind infused with the surprise that the smell of flowers

Make promises by the hours

We live in time - it holds us 

And moulds us



Spread around me are mighty delightful blessings.

I don't want to cut the strings 

I have lent my ears, opened my eyes, 

Trying hard to recognize

Being wondrous yet sensible and wise,


On the bosom of this earth poured forth my life,

Looking for the unknown in all that I know.




This wonder brings forth my song

Enters the blood 

Like a tender sleeping bud

Bursts into bloom

Eyes that explore this world out to till the ending doom.


The floating tumours in the brain 

The pounding inside the brain

Sends through the spirit a spark

Tells me to make a mark

Those glowing in the dark

Realization that through my nerves flows

When one comes invariably 

Reflection on the big questions of life and death


O'mind the world is a deep, dark pit. 

At the bottom of a pit

That sun has never lit,

On every side, death casts forward his net

You  can't hide in the ebb and flow

Lie low

You take nothing with you when you go.


Life after death 

Spirit or soul 

Is there in every culture.

The great cycle of life and death

Seem as vague and hazy like a dream.



Darkness would wrap itself around me, 

filling me with a veritable ecstasy of emptiness



If when I die I will live again, 

And some thinking, feeling,

 Remembering part of me will continue.


Despite the ancient and worldwide

 Cultural traditions that cultural beliefs

They mystify and bring relief


Asserting an afterlife, immortality 

In ancient Mesopotamia, Egyptians, Hebrew, Greek, Romans, Old testament, The Gita, Chinese, Tantric, Anglo-Saxon


It feels like a formation of beliefs, wishful thinking,

If it was really true no matter what

And I can trust my gut

The door is slammed shut


I could satisfy my deep interests and ambitions

Only if I had proof the authenticity of the traditions


But if it's an endless dreamless sleep

A shadow so deep;

My passion would remain a forlorn hope

Fulfillment of my wishes has no scope


This perspective has given me

 A little extra motivation to stay alive!

Thrive and survive


In our vulnerability, 

Looking Death in the eye 

Don't make me breathe a sigh

Being grateful for every day 

The brief but magnificent opportunity

Life grants

Life is but a momentary glimpse of the wonder of this astonishing universe

Not a dream or spiritual fantasy




 














Thursday, June 17, 2021

Supratentorial leptomeningeal dissemination



Supratentorial hemangioblastomas (HBLs) are rare, benign vascular tumors of the central nervous system neoplasms. 

Very scarce literature is available regarding supratentorial HBL without von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome in an adult. 

Being a rare entity, not much clinical data is currently available regarding supratentorial HBLs, thus necessitating the need for further reporting and review of such cases.




A 40-year-old male patient presented with a headache, weakness of the left side body for the past 6 months, and seizure for 2 months. 

There was no history of any inherited disease or cancer in his family. He was well orientated to time, place, and person. 

Abnormal physical signs were limited to the CNS. Neurological examination revealed decreased the power of 4a/5 in both left upper and lower limb with no sensory involvement. The tendon reflexes were normal and plantar responses flexor.


A 55-year-old woman presented with severe headache and 

dizziness in 2010 showing a large cerebellomedullary well 

enhancing tumor and a small homogenously well enhancing tumor at the left medial temporal base on MRI . 

She underwent a surgical resection for the large cerebellar 

mass and the pathological diagnosis was HB. She had 

no family history of VHL disease, and the evaluation for VHL disease was negative. Because the radiological features of the left temporal lobe tumor were compatible with meningioma, we initially thought that the patient had a sporadic form of HB. Postoperative course was uneventful but one month after surgery, she complained of neck pain and was investigated with spine MRI. The spine MRI showed multiple enhancing nodules in the cervico-thoracic spine and the patient was included in the criteria for the diagnosis of VHL disease. 

Although her neck pain was relieved soon after the spine MRI, she was advised a regular follow-up for the left temporal tumor and the intraspinal tumors. Unfortunately, she had been lost to follow-up until December 2014, when she complained diplopia, left facial hypoesthesia and truncal ataxia. On the brain and spine MRI, multiple enhancing tumors were observed in the bilateral cerebellopontine angle, prepontine cistern extending to the suprasellar cistern, left parasellar area, and the leptomeninges around the whole spine. She underwent surgical resection for the markedly enlarged left medial temporal tumor.


Supratentorial HBLs, which are quite rare,were first 

described by Bielschowsky in 1902.They are most commonly found in the frontal lobe of the cerebrum followed by parietal and temporal lobe. There is a handful of reported cases of congenital HBLs.


Intracranial hemangioblastomas are rarely located

in the supratentorial region, such as the pituitary

stalk and anterior lobe of the pituitary gland,

hypothalamus, corpus callosum, wall of the third

ventricle, temporal horn of the lateral ventricle, and

meninges.Multiple hemangioblastomas are rarer

in supratentorial (3%) than in infratentorial regions

(11%). Previous cases include a case of supratentorial multiple hemangioblastomas, two dural cases

identified by MR imaging, and three cases identified

at operation



Till date, approximately 139 cases of supratentorial HBLs have been described in the literature.


On reviewing the literature, it was found that 

supratentorial HBL affected patients ranging from 3 months to 80 years with maximum cases belonging to 20–30 years and 40–50 years age group. Among the infants, only one case was found, thus making it a rare tumor in infancy. Most of the cases were found in males. The reported cases either presented as isolated or multiple lesions. On analyzing the tumor consistency, it was found most of them were solid whereas only less than one-third were cystic. In this review, it was found supratentorial HBL in various locations viz., frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, third ventricle, lateral ventricle, pituitary, pituitary stalk, suprasellar, hippocampus, falx cerebri, corpus callosum, meninges, and choroidal fissure.



The current available treatment did not have a significant 

effect on the progression of the hemangioblastomatosis in 

reported cases. Conventional radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery was often used for disseminated lesions, however,long-term tumor control was not achieved and it is difficult to perform high-dose radiation therapy or radiosurgery for numerous lesions scattered throughout the entire neuraxis. Some studies reported notable achievements in the treatment of hemangioblastomatosis using growth factors antagonist or blocker, such as sunitinib or erlotinib, but long term disease control was not achieved. We used several cycles of bevacizumab and the patient’s neurological condition improved significantly. Long term follow-up was not established and further investigation is needed.


Only two dura-based and two leptomeningeal hemangioblastomas have been documented. The authors describe a 10-year-old girl who presented with warm sensation in her face, blurred bilateral vision, loss of consciousness, and loss of sphincter control. Medical and family histories were unremarkable, neurological deficits were absent, and laboratory findings were normal. 


In HBLs, first and second peaks of incidence are in the third and fifth decades of life respectively. HBLs are more common in males than in females (1.3:1 ratio). They may be either asymptomatic or symptomatic.

Clinical characteristics of supratentorial HBL are specific to 

their location and growth patterns. They are benign lesions 

thus sign, and symptoms manifest late.Patients usually have no history or the long history of minor neurological symptoms. 

In maximum cases, it presents as a sudden onset of neurological symptoms demanding neurosurgical intervention.


In supratentorial HBLs, cyst formation seems to be independent of tumor size.In this, peritumoral cysts which originate from peritumoral edema occur more frequently in regions.

Wednesday, June 16, 2021

Is there life after death? Various cultures say so!

 


 Death is as close to being universal as anything we know. Sooner or later, whether you like it or not everyone dies. This is the inescapable fact of human existence. 

There is widespread belief in afterlife that life continues in some form after the death of the physical body. 

The death of the physical body, biological or physiologic death is universal which can be seen by every single person. What is the the meaning of this death depend upon whether the person is more than just a body. The death of the physical body does not completely describe what happens at the moment of death. The resolution of this is is the possible clue to afterlife which is a matter of  belief and faith but not observation as what it that ' more than the body' is  cannot be seen and it can never be confirmed by those still living. Life and afterlife represent a continuum. Debates emerged early over the nature of human existence. Whether there is a permanent component of an individual person, whether and how it survives death and what happens to it afterwards. 

Life after death and spirit or soul of a dead human being is there in every culture.

 

 

 In ancient Mesopotamia, ghosts were known as etemmu which suggests a certain connection between humans and god. The Akkadian word etemmu is translated as 'ghost' and not 'spirit' or 'soul'. The word is used only in context of the dead. The origin of this ghost is described in a myth. When gods set out to create man, Enki, god of wisdom, ordered that a god be slaughtered, and clay be mixed from his flesh and blood. These ghosts are dangerous if the deceased were not properly buried. The effects of the unburied ghosts were truly catastrophic. Apart from haunting the living they could cause of numerous physical and psychological maladies. But if they were properly appeased, they could be invoked for protection.

They are imagined to be having human shape and lead a shadowy life in the netherworld.

 In the case of ancient Egyptians, akh is the spirit separated from the body after burial, thus they are the equivalent of ghosts. In ancient Egypt, the dead were regularly included in the celebrations of the living. The implication is that the family transcends the boundary of death. Tombs were equipped as alternative dwellings of the dead who were expected to be at home whenever their families sought them out there. It was Ka who dwelt in the tomb owner’s statue. It was to Ka that the offerings were made. Ba symbolized the deceased’s capacity to move in the world beyond the tomb. The realm of the dead oscillated between the tomb and other places that were not of this earth.

The Hebrew term ‘ob refers to the ghost of ancestors but not the spirit of demons or animals.

Greeks used a number of terms to refer to the condition of the deceased, among them eidōlon  (image), psychē (soul) and phasma (manifestation). Each of these terms refers to certain aspect of the person, yet their common character is the lack of wit and life power, or phrenes. In the classical period, phasma were referred to “evil ghosts”. In Homer, the psyche seems to be the “breath-soul” or the life-source” that leaves the body at the moment of death. Another term is the post-Homeric daimon (“spirit”), associated with Pythagoreanism. The realm of the dead is ruled by a brother of Zeus called Hades which is known as House of Hades. Funeral rites are necessary if the person is to enter the land of the dead, otherwise the gods are offended and punish those responsible. If the soul lingers in the tomb, the living can communicate with it and may appease it with offerings of food, drink or a lock of hair and gain its assistance to prevent it from doing any harm to them

 For Romans there are different categories of the dead: anima (soul), umbra (shade) manes/lemures (ghost in general), lares familiares (ancestral ghosts), and larvae (threatening ghost).

In the Old Testament it is stated that the humans are created by God from the earth and is brought to life by ‘breath of life’ nefes hayyimand the body returns to dust from where it came. The dust returns to the earth and the spirit, ruh returns to God who gave it. There is the concept that the quality of life after death depends on the quality of life led while on earth. The New Testament believes that to understand life, we also must understand death and the afterlife. In Hebrew Bible, popularly known as the Old Testament the dead go to an underworld called Sheol, which the Greeks called Hades. Gehenna is the Hebrew word for a place of punishment. It is a fiery place of torture. The English call it Hell and in traditional Roman vocabulary the word is ‘purgatory’., the place where the dead are purified of their sins before going to heaven. There is a unique idea in the New Testament,” the whole person will be immortal by resurrection.” Jesus desired that the righteous would be resurrected at the end of history. Resurrection was considered real transformation not simply resuscitation. The Final Judgement that will end current history replacing it with the new reign of the Messiah, they believed, would happen in their own lifetimes. When the final end began to be conceived as far away, they were forced to rethink about death and afterlife as independent issues from the end of times,

In the sacred Hindu book “The Gita” it is stated that, in the battlefield of Kurukshetra before the battle between The Pandavas and the Kauravas, as Arjuna viewed the opposing armies of Kauravas he felt weak and his hand trembled and he told Krishna that he cannot slay his kinsmen. Krishna said everyone depending on his place in life has a ‘dharma’ to perform. For him it is to fight for a righteous cause because he is a warrior. Whatever work one is called upon to do, by virtue of one’s place in life, one must fulfill it. Failing to do so is setting a bad example and bringing chaos in the society. “It is only the body of man that is subjected to changes like birth, childhood, youth, old age and death. The soul in man is neither born nor does it die. Weapons cannot cut it. Fire cannot burn it. Water cannot wet it. Wind cannot dry it. Just as a man discards old clothes and wears new ones, the immortal soul shed a dead body and enters another. The soul is not subject to any change.

 

Chinese term gui could be considered as the equivalent of the English term ghost, that is, the spirit of the dead person. In ancient times the Chinese had an idea of two souls, the hun soul, which might reside in a spirit in tablet to receive homage of descendant, but which eventually is reverted to 'heaven' or the 'spirit' in heaven and the p'o soul which at death and with the decomposition to the body is reverted back to the earth. Residing in the grave, if angered, disturbed or maltreated it could become a kuei--a ghost, demon, or revnant. These souls inhabit the body and were the consciousness. During death or death-like experiences like sleep or coma the hun soul would leave the body through the breath and wander around freely. Dreams were believed to be experiences of the soul during its travels. The death occurred when the hun soul left the body permanently. Chao-hun was a ceremony performed to distinguish between death and temporary forms of soul's absence. The Great thinker Chuang Tzu believed in the midst of the jumble and wonder of nature a change took place and you had a spirt, then with another change you got a body, yet another change and you were born. Now there is another change and you are dead, just like the four seasons.

The Tantric demon ghosts are named Vetala which inhabits a corpse and talks to the living. Tibetan Tantric Buddhism maximizes the potential of beneficial habitual tendencies like compassion, patience and transcendental wisdom and minimize potentially harmful tendencies like hatred, envy and ignorance.

The major monotheistic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam - all put forward the view of one life and a permanent afterlife in either heaven or hell. Buddhist believe that we are born countless times— birth, death, intermediate state and rebirth. We are not reborn always as humans but may be reborn in any of the realms of cyclic existence—gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hell realms. Existence in any realm is because of one's karma—actions through motivation and behavior and subtle inclinations.

 

If people in every culture imagine, create or inherit their own ideas of afterlife and ghosts then it follows that these ideas could haunt, terrify, preach or entertain in distinct ways. The phenomenon of death, afterlife and ghosts had a profound influence on human history and religion in particular.

 

 

‘The dead by their nature are not able to involve themselves in the affairs of the living’— is a statement by St Augustine, one of the fathers of the Christian Church. According to him it was the task of the faithful Christian simply to pray for the souls of the departed and to leave their fate in the afterlife to the merciful wisdom and justice of God.

 

Yet it is believed that those who had not been properly buried or those, for instance criminals or suicide or accidents— who had died in exceptional or dishonorable circumstances wander restlessly at the margins of the living world. Stories of restless spirits of the departed, of ghostly violations of the boundaries between the living and dead are also recorded. Sagas demonstrating requirement of atonement in the afterlife were used for propaganda purposes. Stories where the apparition of a dead person seeking help from the living to lessen its suffering in the afterlife indicated the final journey of a departed soul. There are also anecdotes about sprites, phantoms and ghostly nocturnal visions which the intellectuals indulged in their leisure hours to amuse and amaze rather than to edify.

 

 

 

In French the common term for a ghost is the word “revenant’, which is derived from the verb revenir which means “to return”. Therefore, revenants are dead people who come back in a recognizable physical form. There are exemplary accounts of apparitions like the Icelandic draugr in heroic family sagas where the corporeal ghosts are encountered looming out of the darkness which are but affirmations of physical strength and courage. In literature the nightstalker Grendel from the eight-century Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf and Glam, the sinister draugr in the Icelandic Grettis Saga of the fourteenth century are worth mentioning. In Latin it is described a sanguisuga, a vampire or a blood-sucking ghost are those who leave their tombs and stagger around on the margins of life. There is often something elemental about the ghosts’ behavior like they associate with and madden cattle and like the winter storms batter the roof of houses.

 

 

Thus, we know that various religious cultures have ghosts and there are types of ghosts also. Evil ghosts who are harmful to humans, benevolent ghosts who might help particular people of their choosing, vengeful ghosts who feel mistreated by the living and seek for justice, distressed ghosts who need help from the living, playful ghosts who might have a certain message to convey to the living and so on.

 

 

 

 

I have shared with you my research notes on ghosts thus far but when all is said and done, I want to tell you the true story of my encounter with a ghost seeking justice.

What? You believe in hypnosis, fire walking, table tipping, preservation of youth, crime but not ghosts, fairies, witches, vampires? Let me see if you choose to believe in me and in the fantastic or weird things of life after you hear my story.

Ghosts are spirits or the ‘undead’ corporeal presences who have crossed the border between this world and a parallel existence. You must have read frission-laden entertaining stories of the modern genre which chill your blood, however my story is rather complex.